资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
自带“饭勺”云游八千里,这种小鸟堪称“跨时区旅行家”****** 有一种小鸟,它自带“饭勺”,觅食的时候认真可爱,被国内观鸟人亲切地称为“小勺子”。但又因是极危物种,全球仅存600多只,非常珍贵,又被称为“鸟中大熊猫”。 你能猜到这是什么鸟吗? 是的!就是它,勺嘴鹬 (yù )!自带“饭勺”的小萌物! 李东明摄于盐城黄海滩涂 图源:黄海湿地世界自然遗产 自带“饭勺”,憨态可掬 勾嘴鹬是鹬科勺嘴鹬属的小型涉禽,体长只有14~16厘米,大概只有人的拳头大。它的嘴巴是黑色的,嘴巴末端呈铲形,看上去就像是一个袖珍的小勺子。觅食时特别认真,被广大爱鸟人士称为“自带饭勺”的鸟儿。 勺嘴鹬的羽毛颜色很特别,会随季节而变化。夏季,它的上体是黑色,背部棕红色羽缘;冬季,羽背面是灰褐色,具黑褐色羽轴纹。 勺嘴鹬的觅食与鸭子更为相似,也是以滤食为主,主要以昆虫、昆虫幼虫、甲壳类和其他小型无脊椎动物为食。勺嘴鹬在烂泥中捕食主要靠“小勺子”,它的喙可以帮助它在泥土中更好地感知猎物。 勺嘴鹬常单独活动于水边浅水处和松软的烂泥地上,行走时常低垂着头,不断将嘴伸入水中或烂泥里,边走边用嘴在水中或泥里左右来回扫动前进,甚至转回来的时候,嘴也不用从水中出来。 正在捕食的勺嘴鹬 极危物种,鸟中“大熊猫” 勺嘴鹬是世界上最稀有的鸟类之一。它不仅因其外貌引人注意,更重要的是其目前的种群数量。 由于环境破坏和栖息地萎缩,全球仅剩600多只,数量远少于大熊猫,被列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录极度濒危物种,在2021年2月正式“升级”成为我国一级保护动物。 据估算,勺嘴鹬的成熟个体数约有240-456只,大致相当于360-684只个体,而且这一数字可能还在不断减少。 因为人类活动、环境污染等导致的栖息地退化及丧失,以及受非法捕猎等因素的影响,勺嘴鹬的生存环境面临极为严峻的考验。从近几年的数据来看,勺嘴鹬的种群数量还在以每年8%的速度减少。 勺嘴鹬对繁殖地选择非常苛刻。据近些年研究,勺嘴鹬只在西伯利亚东北部海岸冻原地带繁殖,其中最重要的繁殖地是欧亚大陆的最东北端的楚科奇半岛。每年6-7月,从南方迁徙而来的勺嘴鹬开始求偶、筑巢,准备繁殖。它们在冻原沼泽、湖泊、水塘、溪流岸边和海岸苔原与草地上营巢,尤其喜欢淡水塘边的苔藓草地。 由于洪水泛滥、各种天敌动物的捕食及食物短缺等原因,勺嘴鹬的繁殖成功率并不高,每窝产卵3至4枚,仅20%~30%的卵能够孵化成功并最终成活下来。苛刻的繁殖地选择,狭窄的繁殖区域及较低的繁殖成功率是勺嘴鹬自然种群较低的重要原因。 飞越八千里,跨时区的超级旅行家 勺嘴鹬的故乡在俄罗斯西伯利亚东北部楚科奇半岛。它是一种长距离迁徙的候鸟,每年都会从俄罗斯飞往泰国、印度、中南半岛、新加坡和马来半岛等东南亚地区越冬。 图源:海南日报客户端 勺嘴鹬仅在极少数的冻土层地带上繁殖,在东南亚的湿地过冬。每年8-9月份,完成繁殖任务后,很快开始长途迁徙。沿东亚-澳大利亚迁徙线路,跨越北冰洋、大西洋和太平洋,前往东亚和东南亚地区过冬,全程约8千公里。 由于航线过长,经常会在我国江苏盐城等地经停中转,在这里停歇休憩、补充能量。像我们人类的旅行一样,“小勺子”的北迁也需要做好充足的准备。 图片 李东明摄于盐城黄海滩涂 图源:黄海湿地世界自然遗产 秋天的盐城黄海湿地仿佛成为了一张大餐桌,此时是观测勺嘴鹬和其他鸻鹬类候鸟的最佳时机。在9月和10月,不同批次的勺嘴鹬都相继抵达,数量可以过百。与此同时,滩涂湿地上的其他各种鸻鹬也是纷繁复杂。勺嘴鹬这小小的身影,往往会淹没在2万、5万,甚至是更多的小型鸻鹬里。 在南迁途中,勺嘴鹬会在盐城黄海湿地等地停歇、换羽,之后飞往中国南方及东南亚等地过冬。预计天再冷些,这些小家伙便不能再“赖”在黄海湿地了,只能追寻前辈的步伐,飞往温暖的越冬地。 别看它身体小小的,但能量却是巨大的呀,是个超级厉害的跨时区旅行家。 “生态好不好,鸟儿说了算”。勺嘴鹬对栖息环境要求比较高,在盐城、阳西、湛江、锦州等地能发现勺嘴鹬,表明当地有着优良的生态环境。希望以后可以见到更多可爱的“小勺子”! 来源:海南日报、复旦大学祖嘉生物博物馆、湛江日报、中国国家地理探索、爱鸟国际、大众科普、盐城发布、CEAAF 参考文献: 孙仁杰.“极危萌物”勺嘴鹬[J].广西林业,2017(04):25-26. 鹤博,蔡志扬,章麟,干晓静,刘文亮,李静,蒋忠祐,王松林,马志军. 勺嘴鹬在中国的分布状况和面临的主要威胁[J]. 动物学杂志,2017,52(01):158-166. 整理:刘雪洁 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |